Autorzy

Opracowali (indika 2024):
(objaśnienia, zamieszczenie tłumaczeń, analiza syntaktyczna)
Andrzej Babkiewicz
(objaśnienia, bibliografia)
Filip Ruciński

Kariki Sankhji (Sāṅkhya-kārikā) to najbardziej znany traktat szkoły sankhji przypisywany Iśwarakrysznie (Īśvarakṛṣṇa; ok. 350-450 r. n.e.). Tekst składa się z 72 rytmizowanych strof (kārikā) i doczekał się licznych komentarzy. Najstarsze z nich (Sāṅkhya-vṛtti, Sāṅkhya-saptati-vṛtti) datowane są na VI w. Najpopularniejsze komentarze to:

  • Sāṅkhya-kārikā-bhāṣya – Gauḍapāda (VI w.)
  • Yukti-dīpikā (IX w.)
  • Tattva-kaumudī – Vācaspati-miśra (IX w.)
  • Māṭhara-vṛtti (IX w.)

Polskie tłumaczenia:

Franciszek Tokarz w: Z Filozofii Indyjskiej kwestie wybrane, część 1, 2, Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Lublin 1985 (str. 183-195).
Marzenna Jakubczak w: Filozofia Wschodu, wybór tekstów; pod red. Marta Kudelska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2002 (str. 81-98).
Filip Ruciński (www.vivaswan.pl 2022)
  • tekst sanskrycki: Visnu Prasada Sarma: Sāṃkhyakārikā: Māṭharācāryaviracita-„Māṭharavṛtti”-sahitā; Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, 296 [Work no. 56], Varanasi 1970. zamieszczone na: GRETIL

Struktura:

1-3 podstawowe tezy
4-7 środki prawdziwego poznania
8-11 teoria przyczynowości
12-13 koncepcja trzech przymiotów (guṇa)
14-16 nieprzejawione (avyakta)
17-19 puruṣa
20-21 relacja puruszy i prakṛti
22-38 przemiany prakṛti
39-42 ciało subtelne (sūkṣma)
43-52 stany umysłu (bhāva)
53-54 uwagi kosmologiczne
55-59 cel przemian prakṛti
60-69 wyzwolenie (kaivalya)
70-72 zakończenie

* wg: Jakubczak 2002

सांख्यकारिका

Sāṃkhya-kārikā

Kariki sankhji

autor: Īśvarakṛṣṇa

दुःखत्रयाभिघाताज् जिज्ञासा तदभिघातके हेतौ |
दृष्टे सापार्था चेन् नैकान्तात्यन्ततो ऽभावात् ||१||

duḥkha-trayābhighātāj jijñāsā tad-abhighātake hetau |
dṛṣṭe sāpārthā cen naikāntātyantato 'bhāvāt ||1||

दृष्टवदानुश्रविकः स ह्यविशुद्धः क्षयातिशययुक्तः |
तद्विपरीतः श्रेयान् व्यक्ताव्यक्तज्ञविज्ञानात् ||२||

dṛṣṭavad ānuśravikaḥ sa hy aviśuddhaḥ kṣayātiśaya-yuktaḥ |
tad-viparītaḥ śreyān vyaktāvyakta-jña-vijñānāt ||2||

मूलप्रकृतिरविकृतिर्महदाद्याः प्रकृतिविकृतयः सप्त |
षोडशकस्तु विकारो न प्रकृतिर्न विकृतिः पुरुषः ||३||

mūla-prakṛtir avikṛtir mahad-ādyāḥ prakṛti-vikṛtayaḥ sapta |
ṣoḍaśakas tu vikāro na prakṛtir na vikṛtiḥ puruṣaḥ ||3||

dṛṣṭam anumānam āpta-vacanaṃ ca sarva-pramāṇa-siddhatvāt |
tri-vidhaṃ pramāṇam iṣṭaṃ prameya-siddhiḥ pramāṇād dhi ||4||

prati-viṣayādhyavasāyo dṛṣṭaṃ tri-vidham anumānam ākhyātam |
tal liṅga-liṅgi-pūrvakam āpta-śrutir āpta-vacanaṃ tu ||5||

sāmānyatas tu dṛṣṭād atīndriyāṇāṃ pratītir anumānāt |
tasmād api cāsiddhaṃ parokṣam āptāgamāt sādhyam ||6||

atidūrāt sāmīpyād indriya-ghātān mano’navasthānāt |
saukṣmyād vyavadhānād abhibhavāt samānābhihārāc ca ||7||

saukṣmyāt tad-anupalabdhir nābhāvāt kāryatas tad-upalabdhiḥ |
mahad-ādi tac ca kāryaṃ prakṛti-virūpaṃ sarūpaṃ ca ||8||

asad-akaraṇād upādāna-grahaṇāt sarva-sambhavābhāvāt |
śaktasya śakya-karaṇāt kāraṇa-bhāvāc ca sat kāryam ||9||

hetumad anityam avyāpi sakriyam anekam āśritaṃ liṅgam |
sāvayavaṃ para-tantraṃ vyaktaṃ viparītam avyaktam ||10||

tri-guṇam aviveki viṣayaḥ sāmānyam acetana prasava-dharmi |
vyaktaṃ tathā pradhānaṃ tad-viparītas tathā ca pumān ||11||

prīty-aprīti-viṣādātmakāḥ prakāśa-pravṛtti-niyamārthāḥ |
anyonyābhibhavāśraya-janana-mithuna-vṛttayaś ca guṇāḥ ||12||

sattvaṃ laghu prakāśakam iṣṭam upaṣṭambhakaṃ calaṃ ca rajaḥ |
guru varaṇakam eva tamaḥ pradīpavac cārthato vṛttiḥ ||13||

aviveky-ādiḥ siddhas trai-guṇyāt tad-viparyayābhāvāt |
kāraṇa-guṇātmakatvāt kāryasyāvyaktam api siddham ||14||

bhedānāṃ parimāṇāt samanvayāc chaktitaḥ pravṛtteś ca |
kāraṇa-kārya-vibhāgād avibhāgād vaiśva-rūpyasya ||15||

kāraṇam asty avyaktaṃ pravartate tri-guṇataḥ samudayāc ca |
pariṇāmataḥ salila-vat prati-prati-guṇāśraya-viśeṣāt ||16||

saṅghāta-parārthatvāt tri-guṇādi-viparyayād adhiṣṭhānāt |
puruṣo 'sti bhoktṛ-bhāvāt kaivalyārtha-pravṛtteś ca ||17||

janma-maraṇa-karaṇānāṃ prati-niyamād ayugapat-pravṛtteś ca |
puruṣa-bahutvaṃ siddhaṃ traiguṇya-viparyayāc caiva ||18||

tasmāc ca viparyāsāt siddhaṃ sākṣitvam asya puruṣasya |
kaivalyaṃ mādhya-sthyaṃ draṣṭṛtvam akartṛ-bhāvaś ca ||19||

tasmāt tat-saṃyogād acetanaṃ cetanāvad iva liṅgam |
guṇa-kartṛtve 'pi tathā karteva bhavaty udāsīnaḥ ||20||

puruṣasya darśanārthaṃ kaivalyārthaṃ tathā pradhānasya |
paṅgv-andhavad ubhayor api saṃyogas tat-kṛtaḥ sargaḥ ||21||

prakṛter mahāṃs tato 'haṅkāras tasmād gaṇaś ca ṣoḍaśakaḥ |
tasmād api ṣoḍaśakāt pañcabhyaḥ pañca bhūtāni ||22||

adhyavasāyo buddhir dharmo jñānaṃ virāga aiśvaryam |
sāttvikam etad rūpaṃ tāmasam asmād viparyastam ||23||

abhimāno 'haṅkāras tasmād dvividhaḥ pravartate sargaḥ |
aindriya ekādaśakas tanmātra-pañcakaś caiva ||24||

sāttvika ekādaśakaḥ pravartate vaikṛtād ahaṅkārāt |
bhūtādes tanmātraḥ sa tāmasas taijasād ubhayam ||25||

buddhīndriyāṇi śrotra-tvak-cakṣū-rasana-nāsikākhyāni |
vāk-pāṇi-pāda-pāyūpasthān karmendriyāṇy āhuḥ ||26||

ubhayātmakam atra manaḥ saṅkalpakam indriyaṃ ca sādharmyāt |
guṇa-pariṇāma-viśeṣān nānātvaṃ grāhya-bhedāc ca ||27||

rūpādiṣu pañcānām ālocana-matram iṣyate vṛttiḥ |
vacanādāna-viharaṇotsargānandās tu pañcānām ||28||

svālakṣaṇyā vṛttis trayasya saiṣā bhavaty asāmānyā |
sāmānya-karaṇa-vṛttiḥ prāṇādyā vāyavaḥ pañca ||29||

yugapac catuṣṭayasya hi vṛttiḥ kramaśaś ca tasya nirdiṣṭā |
dṛṣṭe tathāpy adṛṣṭe trayasya tat-pūrvikā vṛttiḥ ||30||

svāṃ svāṃ pratipadyante parasparākūta-hetukāṃ vṛttim |
puruṣārtha eva hetur na kenacit kāryate karaṇam ||31||

karaṇaṃ trayodaśa-vidhaṃ tad-āharaṇa-dhāraṇa-prakāśa-karam |
kāryaṃ ca tasya daśadhāhāryaṃ dhāryaṃ prakāśyaṃ ca ||32||

antaḥ-karaṇaṃ trividhaṃ daśadhā bāhyaṃ trayasya viṣayākhyam |
sāmprata-kālaṃ bāhyaṃ trikālam ābhyantaraṃ karaṇam ||33||

buddhīndriyāṇi teṣāṃ pañca viśeṣāviśeṣa-viṣayāṇi |
vāg bhavati śabda-viṣayā śeṣāny api pañca-viṣayāṇi ||34||

sāntaḥ-karaṇā buddhiḥ sarvaṃ viṣayam avagāhate yasmāt |
tasmāt trividhaṃ karaṇaṃ dvāri dvārāṇi śeṣāṇi ||35||

ete pradīpa-kalpāḥ paraspara-vilakṣaṇā guṇa-viśeṣāḥ |
kṛtsnaṃ puruṣasyārthaṃ prakāśya buddhau prayacchanti ||36||

sarvaṃ praty-upabhogaṃ yasmāt puruṣasya sādhayati buddhiḥ |
saiva ca viśinaṣṭi tataḥ pradhāna-puruṣāntaraṃ sūkṣmam ||37||

tanmātrāṇy aviśeṣās tebhyo bhūtāni pañca pañcabhyaḥ |
ete smṛtā viśeṣāḥ śāntā ghorāś ca mūḍhāś ca ||38||

sūkṣmā mātā-pitṛ-jāḥ saha prabhūtais tridhā viśeṣāḥ syuḥ |
sūkṣmās teṣāṃ niyatā mātā-pitṛ-jā nivartante ||39||

pūrvotpannam asaktaṃ niyataṃ mahad-ādi-sūkṣma-paryantam |
saṃsarati nirupabhogaṃ bhāvair adhivāsitaṃ liṅgam ||40||

citraṃ yathāśrayam-ṛte sthāṇv-ādibhyo vinā yathā chāyā |
tadvad vinā-viśeṣais tiṣṭhati na nirāśrayaṃ liṅgam ||41||

puruṣārtha-hetukam idaṃ nimitta-naimittika-prasaṅgena |
prakṛter vibhutva-yogān naṭa-vad vyavatiṣṭhate liṅgam ||42||

sāṃsiddhikāś ca bhāvāḥ prākṛtikā vaikṛtāś ca dharmādyāḥ |
dṛṣṭāḥ karaṇāśrayiṇaḥ kāryāśrayiṇaś ca kalalādyāḥ ||43||

dharmeṇa gamanam ūrdhvaṃ gamanam adhastād bhavaty adharmeṇa |
jñānena cāpavargo viparyayād iṣyate bandhaḥ ||44||

vairāgyāt prakṛti-layaḥ saṃsāro rājasād bhavati rāgāt |
aiśvaryād avighāto viparyayāt tad-viparyāsaḥ ||45||

eṣa pratyaya-sargo viparyayāśakti-tuṣṭi-siddhy-ākhyaḥ |
guṇa-vaiṣamya-vimardena tasya bhedās tu pañcāśat ||46||

pañca viparyaya-bhedā bhavanty aśakteś ca karaṇa-vaikalyāt |
aṣṭāviṃśati-bhedā tuṣṭir navadhāṣṭadhā siddhiḥ ||47||

bhedas tamaso 'ṣṭavidho mohasya ca daśavidho mahā-mohaḥ |
tāmisro 'ṣṭādaśadhā tathā bhavaty andha-tāmisraḥ ||48||

ekādaśendriya-vadhāḥ saha buddhi-vadhair aśaktir uddiṣṭā |
saptadaśa vadhā buddher viparyayāt tuṣṭi-siddhīnām ||49||

ādhyātmikyaś catasraḥ prakṛty-upādāna-kāla-bhāgyākhyāḥ |
bāhyā viṣayoparamāt pañca nava ca tuṣṭayo 'bhihitāḥ ||50||

ūhaḥ śabdo 'dhyayanaṃ duḥkha-vighāta-trayaṃ suhṛt-prāptiḥ |
dānaṃ ca siddhayo 'ṣṭau siddheḥ pūrvo 'ṅkuśas trividhaḥ ||51||

na vinā bhāvair liṅgaṃ na vinā liṅgena bhāva-nirvṛttiḥ |
liṅgākhyo bhāvākhyas tasmād bhavati dvidhā sargaḥ ||52||

aṣṭa-vikalpo daivas tairyagyonaś ca pañcadhā bhavati |
mānuṣyaś caika-vidhaḥ samāsato bhautikaḥ sargaḥ ||53||

ūrdhvaṃ sattva-viśālas tamo-viśālaś ca mūlataḥ sargaḥ |
madhye rajo-viśālo brahmādi-stamba-paryantaḥ ||54||

atra jarā-maraṇa-kṛtaṃ duḥkhaṃ prāpnoti cetanaḥ puruṣaḥ |
liṅgasyāvinivṛttes tasmād duḥkhaṃ samāsena ||55||

ity eṣa prakṛti-kṛto mahad-ādi-viṣaya-bhūta-paryantaḥ |
prati-puruṣa-vimokṣārthaṃ svārtha iva parārtha ārambhaḥ ||56||

vatsa-vivṛddhi-nimittaṃ kṣīrasya yathā pravṛttir ajñasya |
puruṣa-vimokṣa-nimittaṃ tathā pravṛttiḥ pradhānasya ||57||

autsukya-nivṛtty-arthaṃ yathā kriyāsu pravartate lokaḥ |
puruṣasya vimokṣārthaṃ pravartate tadvad avyaktam ||58||

raṅgasya darśayitvā nivartate nartakī yathā nṛtyāt |
puruṣasya tathā ātmānam prakāśya vinivartate prakṛtiḥ ||59||

nānā-vidhair upāyair upakāriṇy anupakāriṇaḥ puṃsaḥ |
guṇavaty aguṇasya satas tasyārtham apārthakaṃ carati ||60||

prakṛteḥ sukumārataraṃ na kiñcid astīti me matir bhavati |
yā dṛṣṭāsmīti punar na darśanam upaiti puruṣasya ||61||

tasmān na badhyate nāpi mucyate nāpi saṃsarati kaścit |
saṃsarati badhyate mucyate ca nānāśrayā prakṛtiḥ ||62||

rūpaiḥ saptabhir evaṃ badhnāty ātmānam ātmanā prakṛtiḥ |
saiva ca puruṣasyārthaṃ prati vimocayaty eka-rūpeṇa ||63||

evaṃ tattvābhyāsān nāsmi na me nāham ity apariśeṣam |
aviparyayād viśuddhaṃ kevalam utpadyate jñānam ||64||

tena nivṛtta-prasavām artha-vaśāt sapta-rūpa-vinivṛttām |
prakṛtiṃ paśyati puruṣaḥ prekṣakavad avasthitaḥ svasthaḥ ||65||

samyag-jñānādhigamād dharmādīnām akāraṇa-prāptau |
tiṣṭhati saṃskāra-vaśāc cakra-bhramavad dhṛta-śarīraḥ ||67||

prāpte śarīra-bhede caritārthatvāt pradhāna-vinivṛttau |
aikāntikam ātyantikam ubhayaṃ kaivalyam āpnoti ||68||

puruṣārtha-jñānam idaṃ guhyaṃ parama-rṣiṇā samākhyātam |
sthity-utpatti-pralayāś cintyante yatra bhūtānām ||69||

etat pavitryam agryaṃ munir āsuraye 'nukampayā pradadau |
āsurir api pañcaśikhāya tena ca bahulī-kṛtaṃ tantram ||70||

śiṣya-param-parayāgatam īśvara-kṛṣṇena caitad āryābhiḥ |
saṅkṣiptam ārya-matinā samyag vijñāya siddhāntam ||71||

saptatyāṃ kila yo 'rthās te 'rthāḥ kṛtsnasya ṣaṣṭi-tantrasya |
ākhyāyikā-virahitāḥ para-vāda-vivarjitāś ceti ||72||

tasmāt samāsa-dṛṣṭaṃ śāstram idaṃ nārthataś ca parihīnam |
tantrasya ca bṛhan-mūrter darpaṇa-saṅkrāntam iva bimbam ||73||

kolofon:

Bibliografia

BhG Bhagavadgītā.

GB Gauḍapāda-bhāṣya (1933).

  1. The Sāṁkhya-Kārikā: Īśvara Kṛṣṇa’s Memorable Verses on Sāṁkhya Philosophy with the Commentary of Gauḍapādācārya. Ed. Har Dutt Sharma. Poona: the Oriental Book Agency.
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MV Sāṃkhya-kārikā of Śrīmad Īśvarakṛṣṇa with the Māṭharavṛtti of Māṭharācārya. Edited by Sahityācārya Pt. Viśṇu Prasād Śarmā and the Jayamaṅgalā of Śrī Śaṅkara. Critically edited with an Introduction by Śrī

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PāR Pātañjala-rahasyam, komentarz do YS napisany przez Raghawanandę. Satkārīśarmā  Vaṅgīya. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series no. 56., Varanasi 1970.

SK Sāṃkhyakārikā (1979). Sanskrit and English translation. In Larson, G.J. Classical Sāṃkhya. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (2nd revised ed.; 1st ed., 1969), Appendix B.

STK SāṅkhyaTattvakaumudī (2004). TK Tattvakaumudī (2004). The Sāṃkhya-tattva-kaumudī: Vācaspati Miśra’s Commentary on the Sāṃkhya-kārikā. Trans. Mahāmahoppādhyāya Ganganath Jha. Introduction and critical notes by Dr. Har Dutt Sharma. Revised and re-edited by Dr. M.M. Patkar. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan.

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YBhās Bhāsvatī. Komentarz do YS

YD Yuktidīpikā.

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YS Yogasūtra. Leon Cyboran: Jogasutry – Przypisywane Patańdżalemu i Jogabhaszja czyli komentarz do Jogasutr przypisywany Wjasie. PWN, Wydanie II zmienione, Warszawa 2014.

YSC Yoga-siddhānta-candrikā „Księżyc doktryny jogi”, komentarz do Jogasutr napisany przez Narajanatirthę.
DCPS Dhamma-czakkappawattana-sutta czyli Kazanie o wprawieniu w ruch koła Prawa (Winaja, Maha-wagga I.6). Patrz: MEJOR 2001: 238-241.

YSVi Yogasūtra-vivaraṇa, komentarz do YS napisany przez Śankarę Bhagawatpadę.

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Mejor, M.: Buddyzm. Zarys historii buddyzmu w Indiach. Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2001.

Kryński, J.: „Próba zastosowania metody Caturvyūha w analizie 'Sankhjakariki”. Praca magisterska napisana pod kierunkiem T.Rucińskiego. ATK 1984 [nieopublikowana].

Solomon, Esther A. (ed.): The Commentaries of the Sāṁkhya Kārikā – A Study. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-9.

Łucyszyna, O.: Filozofia Słowa klasycznej i poklasycznej sankhji. Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA, Warszawa 2018.

Karnataka, V.: Yogavijñānaśabdakośaḥ [Słownik filozofii jogi] (vol. 1-2). Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya, Varanasi 2014.

Jakubczak, M.: „Podstawy Filozofii Sankhji”. W: Filozofia Wschodu. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2001: 39–57.

Jakubczak, M.: „Iśwarakriszna: Sankhjakarika.” W: Filozofia WschoduWybór tekstów. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2002: 81–98.

Tokarz, F.: Z filozofii indyjskiej kwestie wybrane cz. II. KUL 1985.